Ülevaade juutide tapmisest Eesti territooriumil asunud laagrites

1941. a sügisel ja talvel hukati Sonderkommando 1a korraldusel veerand Eesti juudi kogukonnast, ülejäänud olid põgenenud Nõukogude Liitu. Päris täpne arv ei ole teada: Eugenie Gurin-Loov avaldas 1994. a nimekirja 929 nimega, Indrek Paavle 2002. a avaldatud nimekirjas (vt ORURKi sarja 17. köide) on 948 nime, Einsatzgruppe A 1941. a aruandes nimetatakse arvu 963. Juute hukati Pärnus, Tartus ja eriti Tallinnas. On võimalik, et ligi pooled neist hukati väljaspool Eestit: pärast sõda Saksamaal tunnistas Julgeolekupolitsei ja SD ülem Eestis Martin Sandberger, et umbes 400 Eestist pärit juudi naist ja last viidi Pihkvasse ja lasti seal maha 1941./1942. a talvel. Teadaolevalt hukati 207 juudi meest Tallinna Keskvanglas, 53 juuti Tartus, 137 Pärnus.


1942. a septembris toodi Eestisse kaks ešeloni juudi vange. Esimene ešelon toodi Terezini (Thereisenstadt) getost, teises ešelonis olid põhiliselt Saksamaalt pärit juudid. Nende jaoks rajati Jägalasse endise eesti sõjaväe suurtükigrupi baasi koonduslaager. Andmed ešelonide koosseisu kohta on jälgitavad Saksamaa arhiivimaterjalides. Kokku saabus 2100–2200 vangi, kellest 1600–1700 hukati Kalevi-Liiva polügoonil juba saabumise päeval. Ülejäänud rakendati tööle. Haigeid või laagri juhtkonnaga konflikti sattunuid hukati Kalevi-Liival ka järgnevate kuude jooksul. Kokku hukati Kalevi-Liival umbes 2000 inimest, s. o. enamik Eestisse toodutest. Lisaks hukati sealsamas ka umbes 100 mustlast. Laager suleti 1943. a septembris, allesjäänud vangid viidi Tallinna Keskvanglasse. Jägala laager allus Eesti Julgeolekupolitseile (ülem Ain-Ervin Mere) ja rajati Julgeolekupolitsei ja SD Eestis IV osakonna (ülem Heinz Bergmann) järelevalve all. Laagri ülem oli Aleksander Laak. Täna Kalevi-Liival oleval mälestusmärgil olev ohvrite arv 6000 tugineb ilmselt 1960. a-te alguses Eesti NSV-s korraldatud nn Gerretzi-Laagi-Viigi-Mere protsessi materjalidele.Ehkki juurdluse käigus jõuti samuti järeldusele, et hukatuid oli umbes 2000–3000, kirjutati kohtuotsusesse 1944. aastal tegutsenud niinimetatud ENSV Erakorralise Komisjoni pakutudarv "üle 5000". Protsessi materjale säilitatakse täna Eesti Rahvusarhiivi Riigiarhiivi Eraarhiivide osakonnas (fond 129, säilitusühik 28 653, 19 köidet ja 2 järelevalvetoimikut).

1943. a sügisel toodi Eestisse umbes 10 000 juuti Kaunase ja Vilniuse getodest, mõnedel andmetel ka Riiast ja Bystritzast Transilvaaniast (vt M. Dworzecki, Jewish Camps in Estonia 1942–1944, Yad Vashem 1970), kes rakendati peaasjalikult põlevkivitööstuses (Baltöl GmbH), kuid ka teistele töödele. Kõik juudi vangid koondati Vaivara koonduslaagrisse (Stammlager K.L. Vaivara). Vaivara koonduslaagri komandatuurile alluvaid töölaagreid avati ja suleti Kloogast Petseri ja Narvani ja Kiviõlist Põhja-Lätini vastavalt tööjõuvajadusele ja rinde liikumisele kokku vähemalt 20 kohas. Laagripunktide loetelu on järgmine: Auvere, Aseri, Ilinurme (kas Ilistvere või Illuka?), Ereda, Goldfields (Kohtlas), Hungerburg (Narva-Jõesuu), Vaivara (2 laagrit: raudteejaama lähedal ja utmisvabriku juures), Viivikonna, Jõhvi, Lagedi (2 transpordi-vahelaagrit juulist augustini ja augustist septembrini), Narva (E. Gurin-Loovi andmetel on see koht tänapäeval Venemaa pool piiri), Sonda, Soski, Putki, Kunda, Kuremäe, Kiviõli, Klooga (harulaagrid Laokülas ja Paldiskis), Kukruse, Petseri ja Kudupe (Põhja-Lätis). Vaivara koonduslaager allus SSi Majanduse ja Halduse Peaametile (SS-WVHA). Laagri ülem oli Hans Aumeier, laagriülema abi Josef Philipp Brennais ja laagri arst Franz von Bodman. Tänu viimase kuuaruannetele, mis jäid Eestisse (Ajaloomuuseum, D fond 152-2-40) on vangide arv ja suremus laagris jälgitav 1943. a septembrist kuni 1944. a juunini. Bodmani raportit on uurinud ja selle inglise keelde tõlkinud Eesti komisjoni liige Nicholas Lane Ameerika Juudi Komiteest.

1944. a suvel alustati Vaivara laagri evakueerimist Saksamaale. Evakueerimise ajal osa vange hukati. Täpsed arvud puuduvad. Uurija Riho Västriku hinnangul hukati või suri umbes 10 000-st 1943. a Eestisse toodud vangist ligikaudu pool (nende hulgas 1800–2000 Kloogal 19. septembril maha lastud vangi). Ülejäänud evakueeriti Saksamaale, enamasti Stutthofi koonduslaagrisse. Komisjoni uurimisrühma käsutuses on materjalid 1944. a 6. augustist kuni novembri lõpuni Eesti ja Läti sadamatest välja sõitnud laevadele pandud isikute arvu kohta. Kuid vangide puhul ei ole alati eristatud juudi vange teistest vangidest, sõjavangidest ja nn Geheimnisträger’itest. Erandina on 14. augusti kohta märgitud, et siis oli Tallinna sadamas laevadele laadimiseks valmis 5000 juudi vangi.

1944. a toodi Tallinna Keskvanglasse umbes pooled 878-st juudi mehest, kes 1944. a mais Prantsusmaalt küüditati ja lõpuks Ida-Euroopasse jõudsid. Osa nendest lasti maha Leedus. Keskvanglasse paigutatud prantsuse juudid lasti maha Tallinna lähedal.

Toomas Hiio, Meelis Maripuu    http://www.kul.ee/index.php?path=40&DocID=215

Inimsustevastaste Kuritegude Uurimise Eesti Sihtasutus    

Vt. ka http://www.historycommission.ee/

Naumannianer & Hitler’s Jews

the word Naumannianer (follower of Max Naumann)

 was always a term of derision in our house. A Jew who tries
to be a Nazi ? Verrückt. Crazy. And that may well be the most
charitable judgement that history now has for Max Naumann, founder,
protagonist, and leader of the Verband nationaldeutscher Juden (VnJ). One
of the very few Jewish line officer in the Kaiser's Army, Naumann felt
strongly that he was German, very very German, right-wing German, and he
felt gravely hurt that the emerging right-wing movement of young Germans
after WWI considered him, a Jew, to be outside their Volk.
Solution: a movement, VnJ, started in 1921, with the following theory:
yes, it's true, many Jews are in fact Schweinehünde, just as the anti-
Semites say they are, but those are the Ostjuden, the Jews from Poland and
parts East, not the truly deutsche Juden (us), who are in fact good
Germans, very good Germans. So Naumann advocated: a) true Germans like
himself need to vote for the Nazis (in 1932); b) Eastern European Jews
need to be expelled from German territories; and c) (once the Nazis were
in power), the Zionist Organization of Germany needs to be outlawed. Dr.
Naumann also sent a personal letter to Hitler (retrieved by my late friend
Klaus Herrmann), which respectfully suggested to the Führer that the good
German Jews (but not, of course, the Jews of Eastern origins) be drafted
into the Wehrmacht together with their Aryan Volksgenossen. Since the
Führer never deigned to reply to communications from members of inferior
races, Dr. Naumann's letter remained unanswered. However, the Nazi
government took enough notice of the VnJ to make sure that it was outlawed
before other Jewish groups. Dr. Naumann was briefly arrested but was then
released to die a natural death in 1939.
We now live in times of renewed onslaught against the Jewish people, and
Naumann-like characters have again arisen to to urge the enemies of the
Jews to proceed more energetically than these enemies are inclined to do
at the moment. In the video below, we have a Dr. Norman Finkelstein, no
less a Doctor than Naumann, urge the Hezbollah to act with greatermilitary resolve against Israel:
"Israel has to suffer a militarydefeat," he opines.
Has Doctor Finkelstein heard of Doctor Naumann ? That is not likely,
given Doctor Finkelstein's reluctance to give much thought to Jewish
history. But that is neither here nor there. The two Doctors are related
by a common commitment to harm their own people.

http://www.fringegroups.com/2011/12/doctor-max-and-doctor-norman.html

 

Books

Hitler’s Jews: Max Von Oppenheim and the Myth of German Jewish Guilt

New biographies shed light on the cohort of Germans of Jewish descent who historians have portrayed as having served the Nazis  By Walter Laqueur|

http://www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/141788/hitler-jews-oppenheim?utm_source=outbrain&utm_medium=referral

East London Mosque hosts speaker who has ‘called for Jewish women to be enslaved and pillaged’

Last Friday, according to publicity material (above) and its Facebook page, the mosque was due to host that conspicuous moderate, Sheikh Saad al-Beraik, who has reportedly stated: “Muslim brothers in Palestine, do not have any mercy neither compassion on the Jews, their blood, their money, their flesh. Their women are yours to take, legitimately. God made them yours. Why don’t you enslave their women? Why don’t you wage jihad? Why don’t you pillage them?”

The term "concentration camp"

Concentration camps existed long before the Russian
revolution--there were even concentration camps operated by Imperial
Germany in its African colonies. So the German Nazis didn't need the
Soviets to teach them about concentration camps. Nor were the Soviet
camps a model for the Nazi extermination camps, the ones which are of
direct relevence to the Holocaust--indeed there was no model for such
operations. The Soviet Union certainly accounted for many crimes and the
mass starvation during the collectivization campaigns killed millions, but
this "the Commies did it first" line has been part and parcel of Holocaust
minimization campaigns in Germany and the Baltic countries

Ohne lösung der Judenfrage, kein erlösung für Menschkeit

It is commonly claimed that the Nazis planned to kill "every Jewish man,
woman and child" within their sphere of control. It is first of all not
clear that there was a plan: Hitler made known his desire to get rid of the
Jews "so oder so", and his underlings acted according to their own
understandings of what he meant. The Foreign Office hatched two plans in
1942, the Heimschaffungsaktion and the Austauschaktion, respectively to
"repatriate" Jews with foreign connections and to exchange them for Germans
interned as enemy aliens. For example, before the first Aktion in Warsaw,
all Jews with foreign passports were rounded up and put in the Pawiak, from
where they were transported to the "holding camp" (Aufenthaltslager, AL) at
Vittel. Mary Berg, then 16, describes it all in her diary. Her family were
American citizens and were repatriated to the U.S. In Western Europe, there
were various classes of exemptions, e.g. Jews in mixed marriages.
"Prominenten" were kept in certain camps and it was not intended to kill
them. Yehuda Bauer describes various plans to exchange Jews for hard
currency or military goods in *Jews for Sale* Intention in Denmark was not to deport the Jews but to frighten them in to leaving, doing little or nothing to prevent their flight to Sweden - in other words, the Danish Jews weren't "rescued", they were expelled. So there was no consistency and no fixed intent.

“Hitler’s brides” from Finnish Lapland

Photographer Väinö Kannisto took a snapshot of what is described by the Helsinki City Museum as "a Finnish-German couple" in Helsinki in the spring of 1944. The identity of the couple in the picture, which is part of the collection of the Helsinki City Museum, had not been firmly established at the time the picture was published in the print-paper, but subsequently it has emerged that the bridegroom was in fact Finnish, and had served during the Continuation War of 1941-44 in the German Waffen SS Wiking Nordland Regiment. As the article notes, the vast majority of marriage applications were rejected by the German authorities. This did not prevent a good number of children being born out of these Finnish-German relationships.

-----------------------------



“Hitler’s brides” from Finnish Lapland
Hundreds of women in Finnish Lapland had wartime relationships with German soldiers



By Kristiina Markkanen

“Rassisches Treibholz” – racial driftwood – is the term used by Eduard Dietl, commander of Germany’s 20th mountain army corps, AOK Lappland, in reference to the Finnish and Norwegian women whom his subordinates wanted to marry. The year was 1942 and Finland fought in the Continuation War alongside Germany against the Soviet Union.
In 1941-1945 the number of German soldiers in Finland sometimes exceeded 200,000. Couple relationships were established and children were born. However, only a few of the couples were able to get married.
“With very few exceptions, the applications that have been submitted unfortunately involve representatives of neighbouring peoples of significantly lower value. The pictures shown almost exclusively depict racial driftwood, starting with girls showing strongly eastern features, all the way to an ugly ‘bride’ of inferior growth”, Dietl wrote in his guidelines on marriages.

Such women were not acceptable as mothers of German children. The AOK 20 annual report of 1943 reveals that 98 per cent of marriage applications were rejected. The prospective wives did not meet the political or racial standards.
German soldiers were allowed to marry and to produce offspring only with members of the German people. A general prohibition was imposed after the occupation of Denmark and Norway in 1940.
In his order, Dietl repeated the views of Fuehrer Adolf Hitler and the German office of racial policy. Nations were divided into three categories – the master race, or Germans, Germanic nations, and relative nations. Finns belonged to the last-mentioned category.

The marriage rules nevertheless had to be eased as the war progressed. In Norway and Denmark, the Germans actually started to nurture Scandinavian-German offspring by setting up so-called Lebensborn homes for the children of German soldiers. In 1943 marriage was even permitted with a few Finnish women who represented the “Nordic type”.
The rules were eased because the input of the Finns was needed on the battlefield. When Sweden announced that it would not take part in the war, Swedish men were denounced in German propaganda as soft and unmanly. At the same time, the military prowess of the Finns was praised, and there was talk of “honorary Aryans”. However, honorary Aryan status was not enough for marriage. In addition to the background of the women, the prospective husband’s military rank and his connections were of some significance.

The applications were sent through official channels to Hitler himself, who signed the papers for the marriages of which he approved. According to Hitler, the women did not look particularly beautiful on the basis of the photographs, and he is said to have quipped that hopefully the soldiers who are in love don’t overthrow him when they realise what kinds of women they have married after the initial passion has faded.
This story reinforces the myth that has been established in Finland around the women who consorted with Germans. For instance, in the documentary film Auf Wiedersehen Finnland by Virpi Suutari (see linked story), the morality of some of the women who went along with the Germans was criticised by Kaisu Lehtimäki; Kaisu herself went to Germany for political reasons.
In studies on the war years, marriages and engagements have often been mentioned only in passing. Various rumours have circulated about the relationships, but little actual researched information has been available. Hardly anything has been known about actual marriages. The couples usually settled in Germany after the war and “disappeared”. In practice, permission to marry was given only to the daughters of so-called “good families”, who were often Swedish-speaking, who had sufficiently Aryan features, and whose new husbands were often high-ranking officers.
A few society weddings were held in Helsinki, for instance, with photographs appearing in newspapers.
When Ernst Zuckschwerdt, who served as an aide-de-camp at the German headquarters, married Eva Gripenberg, the daughter of a Helsinki noble family and member of the Lotta Svärd women’s auxiliary forces in the spring of 1943, the event was covered in the Swedish-language magazine Mänads-Revy .

Engagement and wedding announcements published in Finnish newspapers are part of the research material of a recently completed study by the National Archive on the children of foreign soldiers.
With the help of his research group, the head of the project, Lars Westerlund, found more than 200 engagement and marriage announcements, most of which appeared in Helsinki dailies, especially in Uusi Suomi and the Swedish-language Hufvudstadsbladet. Such announcements were rarely seen in Helsingin Sanomat or provincial newspapers.
Based on the announcements and archive sources, Westerlund concludes that there must have been hundreds, if not as many as a thousand marriage applications.
The announcements suggest that Finnish women were particularly attracted to men who served in the Luftwaffe, and in maintenance units of the army. Sailors and a few SS men also seem to have had time for dating. The husbands were usually lower-ranking officers. The professions of the women, if they were mentioned, were often “office workers”, or “office assistants”.
As permission to marry was only given to a few, the best that the more ordinary girls could do was to have an engagement announcement published in a newspaper. Such announcements became marriage substitutes of sorts. Westerlund also believes that one reason for an engagement announcement may have been the discovery that the hopeful bride-to-be was pregnant, and the purpose of the announcement may have been to put an emphasis on the seriousness and honourable intent of the relationship.


Helsingin Sanomat / First published in print 8.5.2011 (176)

pick from YLE:       &  about  that in JPost

WILL HOLOCAUST CRIMES OF FINNISH VOLUNTEERS IN UKRAINE GO UNPUNISHED?

Does Finland need its swastikas?

pogrom "ppl' - most probable, balkan.